AMMO 101
Whether used for an esculent hunting trip, in shooting sports, or for self-defense, a basic understanding (at a minimum) of your firearm and its ammunition is crucial for safety, performance, and overall satisfaction of your shooting experience.
Ammunition, in this context, refers to the finished cartridge assembly that may include components such as projectiles, propellants, primers and casings. Each type of ammunition is theoretically designed for a particular purpose.
Projectile: Although not present in all ammunition (blanks, etc.), this is the ‘bullet’ itself, and is usually available in several weight classes (by grain). There are common standard weights for many calibers of long-gun and hand-gun ammunition, and ‘hand-loaders’ can vary them by hundreds more.
Propellant: Although not present in all ammunition (dummies, etc.), this is the chemical mixture (powder) placed inside the casing that burns rapidly on ignition.
Primer: Although not present in all ammunition (rim-fire, etc.), this is usually the component that is struck by a mechanical firing-pin, igniting and causing a more controlled burn of the propellant.
Casing: Although not present in all ammunition (caseless ammo, etc.), this is a component that encapsulates all of the other components to create the cartridge assembly.
Cartridge: This is the complete assembly commonly referred to (in multiples) as ammunition. Historically, civilian availability has been limited in size; as small as 2mm, to as large as 12.7mm (.50cal). Excluding shotguns, ammunition above .50 caliber has been delegated to military type applications.
Rim-fire Cartridge: This is the simplest and (normally) least expensive type of ammunition available. Usually, the outer rim of the face of the cartridge is struck by the firing mechanism to ignite the enclosed propellant. This type is known as very reliable in small calibers and extremely popular world-wide. It is often used for plinking, varmint/pest control and small game hunting. Commonly available in .22lr caliber, a specific bullet-weight range must be used for satisfactory performance in semi-auto rifles and pistols. Oftentimes, ultra light/hollow-point bullets will not cycle the action in auto-loaders.
Center-fire Cartridge: This is slightly more complex than the rim-fire cartridge. Usually, the center of the face of the cartridge (the primer) is struck by the firing mechanism to cause a short chain-reaction to ignite the enclosed propellant. Center-fire ammunition is very common in small and especially larger calibers, notably in 9mm Luger at 115, 124 and 147 grain weights.
When first selecting a firearm, it is essential to consider the intended use. Once that has been determined, it is as important to select the appropriate ammunition.
Hollow-Point: This is actually one of the most famously misunderstood types of ammunition available. It is commonly recommended for use in self-defense scenarios, but probably not for the reason you’ve heard. This type of bullet is often recommended for its safety in relation to ‘over-penetration’. It is designed to expand its surface area to increase the energy transfer to the target without going through it. Ideally, this projectile will be fully stopped by and within the target, vastly increasing its 'stopping power' while simultaneously lessening the danger to anything (or anybody) beyond it. It is not normally recommended for hunting anything that you would want to dress-out as it will probably damage a larger portion of the game animal. A copper or other ‘jacket’ can be used to increase target penetration or slightly delay bullet expansion. Adverse conditions occur when the hollow tip is filled by debris (clothing, etc.), which hampers the expansion effect. To help overcome this possibility, the hollow can be factory pre-filled with soft plastic (or the like). This idea can also help with mag-feeding problems in auto-loaders.
Soft-Point: The soft-point bullet is ideally suited for hunting as it will usually do less damage to the game animal and allow a slightly larger dress-out weight.
Open Tip Match: OTM bullets coupled with the right load, weight and barrel twist-rate can be an extremely accurate combination for long range shooting. They often give the appearance of being a hollow-point bullet except with a very small open tip.
Full Metal Jacket: FMJ is probably the most recognized and most used bullet type on the planet, other than the lead round-nosed 22lr. It commonly has a lead-based inner core covered by a copper jacket for extra target penetration and less gun fouling. Although commonly considered a target/training round for everyday shooters, it is actually the standard go-to bullet type for military applications worldwide.
Total Metal Jacket: TMJ usually has a thin, electroplated coating of a dissimilar metal (copper) that provides protection from exposure, wear and fouling from the inner lead core. TMJ is often preferred to FMJ in indoor ranges.
Wad-Cutter: This type is often thought of as the go-to for target shooting. It usually appears as flat-nosed lead bullet. It gives nice cut-outs in paper targets. Do not underestimate this one as a self-defense round.
Frangible: This relative newcomer has gained popularity in the shooting sports, as well as for training purposes. The frangible material that makes up the bullet breaks apart upon impact with a solid surface, lessoning the possibility of ricochet or target over-penetration. The frangible bullet is often lighter than the given caliber norm, as in the now common 65gr/9mm cartridge.
Safety should be a critical factor when handling ammunition. Always store ammunition in a cool, dry place and ensure it is kept out of the reach of children.
Additionally, you should familiarize yourself with the specific requirements of your firearm, as using the wrong type of ammunition can lead to malfunctions, accidents and serious injuries (or death).
Understanding ammunition is vital for any firearm owner. By knowing the different types available and their specific uses, you can make informed decisions that enhance your shooting experience. Whether you are a seasoned shooter or a beginner, having the right ammunition is key to achieving your goals, whether they be target practice, hunting, or self-defense. Always prioritize safety and proper handling to help ensure a positive experience with your firearms.
By the way, the 'infamous' AR-15 has a .22 caliber bullet that weighs 55 grains. To our knowledge, it has never been used as a 'weapon of war'. Order yours in PINK, or BLUE, to make it 'far less dangerous' than the most common 'fully-semi-automatic black rifles' your politician warned you about (read facetiously).
PLEASE handle every firearm as if it is loaded...
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